1. Stages in correct order: Cooing, Babbling, Holophrastic, Two word, Telegraphic and Post Telegraphic.
2. A- Nativist – Children are born with a language acquisition device. They have an innate ability to acquire language. N. Chomsky.
B- Cognitive- Children develop their linguistic competence alongside their ability to understand the world around them. J. Piaget.
C- Behaviourist- Children learn primarily through imitation and patterns of positive or negative reinforcement from their parents. B.F.Skinner
D- Interactional- Children learn through the input of their parents, correcting and supporting their linguistic development. J.Bruner.
E- Critical Period- Children have a limited period in which their language can develop rapidly. After this their language development is much harder. E.Lennenberg.
3. This process is an overextension- the child sees similar shapes to an object that she knows and overextends the terms she knows to include those objects.
4. This is an underextension- the child cannot relate any word she knows to any other similar item.
5. This is an overgeneralisation- the child applies regular rules to irregular verbs.
6. This would be the telegraphic stage- the child has used part of the subject verb and part of the prepositional phrase (to) but has missed the auxiliary verb is going.
7. The child has used the correct word order but has misuses the pronoun. She uses first person object pronoun me instead of first person subject pronoun.
8. This is a substitution the child replaces the “ch” with a “t” which is a simpler sound.
9. This is a deletion the child may not have heard or is having trouble producing the last consonant vowel ‘t’.
10. This is a deletion of an unstressed syllable- the child deletes the ‘ba’ syllable.
11. Regulatory – To control behaviour of others “Do this”.
Heuristic – To explore and gain knowledge of the environment “What’s that?”
Personal – To express self “Watch me”.
Instrumental – to obtain goods and services “I want”.
Imaginative – To use language imaginatively, for example telling stories, jokes or creating an imaginary environment “Lets pretend”. Interactional – To relate to others, to interact “Me and you”.
Informative (representational) – To convey facts and information “I’ve got something to tell you”.
12. Jean Berko- using a made up animal she tested the childrens application of the ‘-s’ plural rule and found that nearly all of them applied it to a noun they had never heard before.
13. Nouns- mostly concrete- the most common items are around the child and easily understood the link between object and label.
14. Asking a child questions and responding to them, or the other way around.
15. Child Directed Speech (CDS) or caretaker language- tag questions, emphasised lip or mouth action which draws the attention to the mouth, simplified grammar, scaffolding etc.
16. A ‘wild’ or ‘feral’ girl who lived in California in the 1970’s and discovered by social workers. At the age of 13 her vocabulary was limited to only 20 words. This case study is sometimes used to support the Critical learning period hypothesis or the interactive theory.
17. A boy from the Devilliers and Devilliers study in 1978. He was born deaf to his parents they put him in front of the television and hoped that he would pick up the language. This is used to support the interactive theory.
18. David Crystal
19. Language Acquisition Device
20. Determiners (the, a)
Auxiliary verbs (is doing, am shouting)
